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1 syntactical\ SDs
include: sentence length, one-word sentences, punctuation, rhetorical question, parallel construction, chiasmus, inversion, suspense, detachment, ellipsis, one-member sentences, apokoinu constructions, break-in-the-narrative, polysyndeton, asyndeton, attachmentEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > syntactical\ SDs
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2 lexico-syntactical\ SDs
certain structures, whose emphasis depends not only on the arrangement of sentence members but also on the lexico-semantic aspect of the utterance (V.A.K.)See: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexico-syntactical\ SDs
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3 syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
include: sentence length, one-word sentences, punctuation, rhetorical question, parallel construction, chiasmus, inversion, suspense, detachment, ellipsis, one-member sentences, apokoinu constructions, break-in-the-narrative, polysyndeton, asyndeton, attachmentEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
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4 cluster\ SDs
a small group (cluster) of SDs, which- operate on the same linguistic mechanism: namely, one word-form is deliberately used in two meanings;- have humorous effect, and- include: pun or paronomasia, zeugma, violation of phraseological units, semantically false chains, nonsense of non-sequence;See: lexical SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceSource: V.A.K.English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > cluster\ SDs
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5 lexical\ SDs
include: metaphor, personification; metonymy, synecdoche; cluster SDs; play on words, irony, epithet, hyperbole, understatement, oxymoronSee: set expressions, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexical\ SDs
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6 lexico-syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
certain structures, whose emphasis depends not only on the arrangement of sentence members but also on the lexico-semantic aspect of the utterance (V.A.K.)See: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexico-syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
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7 lexical\ stylistic\ devices
include: metaphor, personification; metonymy, synecdoche; cluster SDs; play on words, irony, epithet, hyperbole, understatement, oxymoronSee: set expressions, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexical\ stylistic\ devices
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8 SD
is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R.G.) - намеренное и сознательное усиление какой-либо типической структурной и/или семантической черты языковой единицы (нейтральной или экспрессивной), достигшее обобщения и типизации и ставшее таким образом порождающей моделью. (перевод I.V.A.)Types: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs; lexico-syntactical SDsSee: expressive means, convergence, foregroundingEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > SD
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9 stylistic\ device
is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R.G.) - намеренное и сознательное усиление какой-либо типической структурной и/или семантической черты языковой единицы (нейтральной или экспрессивной), достигшее обобщения и типизации и ставшее таким образом порождающей моделью. (перевод I.V.A.)Types: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs; lexico-syntactical SDsSee: expressive means, convergence, foregroundingEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > stylistic\ device
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10 chiasmus
a) reversed parallelism of the structure of several sentences (clauses)b) inversion of the first construction in the second part (V.A.K.)If the first sentence (clause) has a direct word order - SPO, the second one will have it inverted - OPS.
So long lives this and this gives life to thee. (W.Shakespeare - XVIII)
••a group of stylistic devices based on repetition of a syntactical pattern, but it has a cross order of words and phrases (I.R.G.)Down dropped the breeze, // The sails dropped down. (Coleridge)
As high as we have mounted in delight // In our dejection do we ink as low. (Wordsworth)
English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > chiasmus
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11 circumlocution
a) using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler oneb) using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a wordThey are classified into figurative periphrasis (metaphoric periphrasis or metonymic periphrasis) and logical periphrasis (euphemistic periphrasis)Source: V.A.K.••a device which, according to Webster's dictionary, denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression- aims at pointing to one of the seemingly insignificant or barely noticeable features or properties of the given object, and intensifies this property by naming the object by the property;- makes the reader perceive the new appellation against the background of the one existing in the language code and the twofold simultaneous perception secures the stylistic effect;- like simile, has a certain cognitive function inasmuch as in deepens our knowledge of the phenomenon described;I understand you are poor, and wish to earn money by nursing the little boy, my son, who has so prematurely deprived of what can never be replaced. [= mother] (Ch.Dickens)
The lamp-lighter made his nightly failure in attempting to brighten up the street with gas. [= lit the street lamps] (Ch.Dickens)
If a periphrastic locution is understandable outside the context, it is not a stylistic device but merely a synonymous expression.the cap and gown (student body); a gentleman of the long robe (a lowyer); the fair sex (women); my better half (my wife)
Source: I.R.G.••троп, состоящий в замене названия предмета описательным оборотом с указанием его существенных, характерных признаков (I.V.A.)The beast that bears me. (horse) (W.Shakespeare - L)
English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > circumlocution
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12 inversion
a syntactical stylistic device in which the direct word order is changed either completely so that the predicate precedes the subject (complete inversion), or partially so that the object precedes the subject-predicate pair (partial inversion) (V.A.K.)Of all my old association, of all my old pursuits and hopes, of all the living and the dead world, this one poor soul alone comes natural to me. (Ch.Dickens)
Women are not made for attack. Wait they must. (J.Conrad)
To a medical student the final examinations are something like death... (R.Gordon) - Для студента-медика выпускные экзамены - смерти подобны...
••aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotional colouring to the surface meaning of the utterance (I.R.G.)Talent Mr. Micawber has; capital Mr.Micawber has not. (Ch.Dickens)
Down dropped the breeze... (Coleridge)
••нарушение обычного порядка следования членов предложения, в результате которого какой-нибудь элемент отказывается выделенным и получает специальные коннотации эмоциональности и экспрессивности (I.V.A.)English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > inversion
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13 periphrasis
a) using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler oneb) using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a wordThey are classified into figurative periphrasis (metaphoric periphrasis or metonymic periphrasis) and logical periphrasis (euphemistic periphrasis)Source: V.A.K.••a device which, according to Webster's dictionary, denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression- aims at pointing to one of the seemingly insignificant or barely noticeable features or properties of the given object, and intensifies this property by naming the object by the property;- makes the reader perceive the new appellation against the background of the one existing in the language code and the twofold simultaneous perception secures the stylistic effect;- like simile, has a certain cognitive function inasmuch as in deepens our knowledge of the phenomenon described;I understand you are poor, and wish to earn money by nursing the little boy, my son, who has so prematurely deprived of what can never be replaced. [= mother] (Ch.Dickens)
The lamp-lighter made his nightly failure in attempting to brighten up the street with gas. [= lit the street lamps] (Ch.Dickens)
If a periphrastic locution is understandable outside the context, it is not a stylistic device but merely a synonymous expression.the cap and gown (student body); a gentleman of the long robe (a lowyer); the fair sex (women); my better half (my wife)
Source: I.R.G.••троп, состоящий в замене названия предмета описательным оборотом с указанием его существенных, характерных признаков (I.V.A.)The beast that bears me. (horse) (W.Shakespeare - L)
English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > periphrasis
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14 reversed\ parallel\ construction
a) reversed parallelism of the structure of several sentences (clauses)b) inversion of the first construction in the second part (V.A.K.)If the first sentence (clause) has a direct word order - SPO, the second one will have it inverted - OPS.
So long lives this and this gives life to thee. (W.Shakespeare - XVIII)
••a group of stylistic devices based on repetition of a syntactical pattern, but it has a cross order of words and phrases (I.R.G.)Down dropped the breeze, // The sails dropped down. (Coleridge)
As high as we have mounted in delight // In our dejection do we ink as low. (Wordsworth)
English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > reversed\ parallel\ construction
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15 rhetorical\ question
peculiar interrogative construction which semantically remains a statement;- serves to call the attention of listeners;- makes an indispensable part of oratoric speech for they very successfully emphasise the orator's ideas.Source: V.A.K.••a) a special syntactical stylistic device the essence of which consists in reshaping the grammatical meaning of the interrogative sentence;Are these the remedies for a starving and desperate populace?
b) a statement expressed in the form of an interrogative sentence;c) an utterance in the form of a question which pronounces judgement and also expresses various kind of modal shades of meanings, as doubt, challenge, scorn, irony and so on;Who is here so vile that will not love his country? (W.Shakespeare)
- is generally structurally embodied in complex sentences with the subordinate clause containing the pronouncement;- may be looked upon as a transference of grammatical meaningSource: I.R.G.••вопрос, который не предполагает ответа, ставится не для того, чтобы побудить слушателя сообщить нечто неизвестное говорящему, а чтобы привлечь внимание, усилить впечатление, повысить эмоциональный тон, создать приподнятостьBeing your slave, what should I do but tend // Upon the hours and times of your desire? (W.Shakespeare - Sonnet LVII) - Для верных слуг нет ничего другого // Как ожидать у двери госпожу. (пер. С.Я.Маршака)
Source: I.V.A.See: order of words, negative-interrogative sentences, transposition, question-in-the-narrative, syntactical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > rhetorical\ question
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16 stylistic\ inversion
a syntactical stylistic device in which the direct word order is changed either completely so that the predicate precedes the subject (complete inversion), or partially so that the object precedes the subject-predicate pair (partial inversion) (V.A.K.)Of all my old association, of all my old pursuits and hopes, of all the living and the dead world, this one poor soul alone comes natural to me. (Ch.Dickens)
Women are not made for attack. Wait they must. (J.Conrad)
To a medical student the final examinations are something like death... (R.Gordon) - Для студента-медика выпускные экзамены - смерти подобны...
••aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotional colouring to the surface meaning of the utterance (I.R.G.)Talent Mr. Micawber has; capital Mr.Micawber has not. (Ch.Dickens)
Down dropped the breeze... (Coleridge)
••нарушение обычного порядка следования членов предложения, в результате которого какой-нибудь элемент отказывается выделенным и получает специальные коннотации эмоциональности и экспрессивности (I.V.A.)English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > stylistic\ inversion
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17 anadiplosis
анадиплозис, подхват, эпаналепсис, стык... a, a...the end of one clause (sentence) is repeated in the beginning of the following oneThe stylistic function is to elucidate the notion, to concretise and to specify its semantics on a more modest level. (V.A.K.)Now he understood. he understood many things. One can be a person first. A man first and then a black man or a white man. (P.Abrahams)
And a great desire for peace, peace of no matter what kind, swept through her. (A.Bennet)
So long lives this and this gives life to thee. (W.Shakespeare - XVIII)
Syn.: catch repetition, anadiplosis, reduplication, epanalepsisEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > anadiplosis
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18 anticlimax
антиклимакс, спадa climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought which defeats expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in complete semantic reversal of the emphasised idea (V.A.K.)It was appalling - and soon forgotten. (J.Galsworthy)
He was unconsolable - for an afternoon. (J.Galsworthy)
Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They can discover everything except the obvious. (O.Wilde)
Ant.: climaxSee: lexico-syntactical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > anticlimax
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19 antithesis
a semantically complicated parallel construction, the two parts of which are semantically opposite to each other- is to stress the heterogenity of the described phenomenon, to show that the latter is a dialectical unity of two (or more) opposing features. (V.A.K.)Some people have much to live on, and little to live for. (O.Wilde)
If we don't know who gains by his death we do know who loses by it. (A.Christie)
Mrs. Nork had a large home and a small husband. (S.Lewis)
In marriage the upkeep of woman is often the downfall of man. (S.Evans)
Don't use big words. They mean so little. (O.Wilde)
••стилистическая фигура, усиливающая выразительность за счёт столкновения (противопоставления) в одном контексте прямо противоположных понятий и образов (I.V.A.)English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > antithesis
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20 attachment
separating the second part of the utterance from the first one by full stop though their semantic and grammatical ties remain very strong (V.A.K.)It wasn't his fault. It was yours. And mine. I now humbly beg you to give me the money with which to buy meals for you to eat. And hereafter do remember it: the next time I shan't beg. I shall simply starve. (S.Lewis)
Prison is where she belongs. And my husband agrees one thousand per cent. (T.Capote)
He is a very deliberate, careful guy and we trust each other completely. With a few reservations. (D.Uhnak)
English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > attachment
Перевод: со всех языков на русский
с русского на все языкиsyntactical SDs
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